Progressivism Essay - 1891 Words

Progressivism The Progressive Movement in the late nineteenth century, early twentieth century presented quite a situation for historians to conquer. At the turn of the twentieth century political questioning was the norm. Practically every historian that writes about this time period has a different opinion of what made up â€Å"Progressive Movement,† some even going so far to beg the question if it was actually a movement or if it was more of an â€Å"era.† The two are interchanged so often that they have in many ways come to mean the same thing although according to some they are distinctly different. The four works, Richard Hofstadters The Age of Reform, Peter Filenes An Obituary for the Progressive Movement, Richard McCormicks The†¦show more content†¦He discusses the agrarian myth in some depth and argues that the agrarian populism eventually evolves into part of the progressive movement. His book is one of the main sources that Peter Filene argues against in his article questioning the existence progressivism as a movement. Peter Filenes article presents the idea that Progressivism was not a movement at all but more of a jumbled mess of similar ideas that occurred around the same period in history. Filene â€Å"seeks to prove that ‘the progressive movement’ never existed.† (Article 1, p. 20) He believed that there are too many discrepancies between the ideas of different historians and that if it were an actual movement that the definitions of the progressive movement/era would be consistent with each other. The only real agreement that Filene finds between the many differing opinions is the goals of the time period. He includes as the â€Å"standard list of progressive objectives†¦ constraints on monopolies, trusts and big banking interests; regulation of railroad rates; lower tariffs; the direct primary; initiative, referendum and recall; direct election of U.S. Senators; women’s suffrage; child- and female- labor laws; pure food and drug laws and conservation.† (Article 1, p. 21) Filene explains the discrepancies between the many historians’ views. He then asks the question, with so many different initiatives and so many different groups working towards similar goals how it can be consideredShow MoreRelatedProgressivism Historiography Essay2107 Words   |  9 PagesAwesome Student Mrs. Aars CIS American History 15 March, 2013 My Take on the Progressives The common thought about progressivism before the 1950s were that it was a movement by the common people to curb the excessive power of powerful people such as urban bosses, corporate moguls, and corrupt officials. However, when George Mowry wrote his Progressivism: Middle Class Disillusionment, he challenged the common idea that the progressives were middle class citizens and instead considered them toRead MoreProgressivism Within Twenty First Century Learning1203 Words   |  5 PagesProgressivism within Twenty-First Century Learning By Josh Fix Submitted to the Faculty of Columbus State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Curriculum and Leadership Columbus State University Columbus, GA July 2015 By design twenty-first century learning prepares students to be successful, contributing citizens in the locale of today’s global society. Twenty-first century learning requires students to understand how to learnRead MoreEssay about Interpreting American Progressivism2954 Words   |  12 PagesInterpreting American Progressivism The period referred to as the Progressive Era in American history is one which historians often disagree over, and as in all areas of history, there are many theories surrounding the era which sometimes contradict each other. Historians are always aware of prominent theories within the field, and they often participate in an ongoing dialogue concerning their research. One of the first historians to make a major mark regarding the Progressive Era was RichardRead MoreProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words   |  7 PagesThananun Prasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela wasRead MoreProgressivism And Progressivism1108 Words   |  5 Pagesnew movement began to rise, progressivism. Progressivism spread rapidly from the large cities that began to form across America, to the smaller towns that were beginning to go from agrarian paradises to more suburban landscape. These abrupt changes in society meant changes in social conduct, and norms must change with them. With factories on the rise many men were forced to work 12-16 hour shifts seven days a week with no benefits, breaks, or safety standards, progressivism was the driving force behindRead MoreProgressivism A nd Progressivism925 Words   |  4 PagesTo begin the paper, I will give a summary of what progressivism is and what effect it had within the United States. Progressivism is defined as a movement that is to limit the social destructiveness effects of capitalism. Progressives look at capitalism as unhindered. That they need to extract from the markets in a capitalist system and to counterbalance the tasks that capitalism leaves such as terrible social effects. They wanted the public well being to be better off. Progressives overall did notRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of The Progressives1277 Words   |  6 PagesProgressivism, †¦unlike populism, whose grassroots appeal was largely confined to rural regions in the South and Mid-West, focused on the nation altogether, coming in all different forms. (Shi Tindall 778) The movement consisted of moral Christians who disliked politics. They believed that politics, †¦had become a contest between good and evil, honesty and corruption (Shi Tindall 778). Therefore, they believed the government should provide more, addressing the issues dealing with rapid urbanRead MoreThe First Midterm Assignment During American History1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn other words the progressive movement was established to fix society’s ills that occurred in the late-19th century and early-20th century especially from the Gilded Ages, without including controversy and trying to please everyone’s needs. â€Å"Progressivism was wide-ranging impulse rather than a single organized movement, a multifaceted, often fragmented, and at times contradictory response to the urgent problems created by unregulated industrialization, unplanned urbanization, unrelenting immigrationRead More Populists v Progressives Essay705 Words   |  3 Pagesday of eight hours, postal banks, pensions, and the reform of immigration regulations are just some of the other views and beliefs of populists. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressives are activists in a political reform movement known as progressivism, which is a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th cent. In the decades following the Civil War, rapid industrialization transformed the United States. A national rail system was completed, agriculture was mechanizedRead MoreThe Movement Of Stem Education1815 Words   |  8 PagesThrough philosophical foundations there emerges certain philosophies of education. Those philosophies of education can then be directly linked to issues/ problems in education today. This paper will take a detailed look at pragmatism and its link to progressivism. Then, an examination of how those principles have shaped the movement of STEM education will provide a complete overview of these early century physiological foundations to modern day education issues. There are principles and thinking within

Difficulities in the Play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine...

Difficulities in the Play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry In the four years between 1861 and 1865 this country was in civil war over the rights and freedom of blacks in America. When all was said and done, the blacks won their freedom and gained several rights that would make their lives better. Nearly one hundred years later, in 1959, Lorraine Hansberry wrote her great play, A Raisin in the Sun. It described the everyday life of a black family in the Southside of Chicago sometime after World War II. Throughout the play, Hansberry talks of the difficulties that the Younger family faces trying to get from one day to another; the problems that should have been resolved by the Civil War. Even after the Civil War and†¦show more content†¦When Ruth says. ?So you would rather be Mr. Arnold than be his chauffer? (p. 1811), she knows that he is tired of being ?low man on the totem pole? and wants to be able to give his son the luxuries of life. While on the other hand Rut h and Mama work in kitchens and do house work for white families. And finally, Beneatha is going to school to become a doctor, and all she gets from Walter is harassment because she is a black female. At one time he even say, ?Who the hell told you you had to be a doctor? If you so crazy bout messing round with sick people -- then go be a nurse like other women? (p. 1813). He himself is discriminating his own sister by stereotyping a woman?s place in society. Although it is illegal, this type of discrimination is still fairly common today . If a person of a minority and a white person both go in for an interview for two positions, it is more likely that the white person will get the better of the two jobs. Just because a company says that they are an, ?equal opportunity? business, does not mean that they always stick to it because there is usually a way to get around most things. Another way that they are discriminated against is prices for the necessary items needed in life. As M argaret B. Wilkerson points out in her introduction to the original screen play, there is a scene where Mama stops to buy fruit at the local market, but is angered by the ?flippant and disrespectful

Income Taxation Law & Practice Assignment

Questions: Part A 1. Allan and Betty were living and working in Melbourne. They decided on a 'tree change', sold their Melbourne home and purchased a large country-'ho-use on a 10 hectare block in central Victoria. Betty works part-time as an accountant and Allan as a locum doctor. Allan is popular with the elderly patients in the town and regularly is given home-made cakes and scones, along with his fee. On one occasion he treated a local wine maker's dog for snake bite when the vet was unavailable and was given a dozen bottles of Lonarch Brae shiraz in appreciation. The wine had a retail value of $360. 2. Allan and Betty enjoy gardening. They plan to establish a few hectares of grape vines and begin growing vegetables. They attend a continuing education course on organic farming and find in their second year they have a surplus of produce. Betty started making marmalade and relish using her mother's recipes. Initially she gave them to neighbours but they became so popular that she opened a stall at the Newtown Growers Market held on the second Sunday of every month. Allan sold some of the excess to a local supermarket and now regularly supplies three retailers with sweet potatoes and pumpkin. They don't keep records as they never intended to make a profit but estimate that in a good month gross receipts could be $500 to $600. 3. Their neighbours have a citrus orchard and throughout the year vegetables are swapped for oranges and mandarins. This seems like such a good idea Allan and Betty decide to set up a 'barter' system in the area. To join the system a person must pay an up-front, one-off fee of $50 to Allan and Betty as a charge for the keeping of administrative records. Thereafter people register their goods or services to be bartered. For example, Suzie is a retired hairdresser and will provide hairdressing services at her home. No money changes hands. Suzie would receive a credit to her account of 15 to 20 'barts' that she can exchange for goods or services of equal val ue from other registered participants in the scheme (fruit, vegetables, child minding, lawn mowing etc.). Required 1 (a) Advise Allan and Betty of any income tax implications arising in paras 1, 2 and 3 above. (b) Advise the participants in the barter scheme of any income tax implications. Part B Nicole Grownman is an Australian actress who has had a number of roles in films and guest appearances in serials. During the year the following events occurred: i) Nicole was offered a role in a telemovie set in the 1950s. She was required to put on 10 kilograms to play the part offered and would be awarded the role only if she put on weight. Nicole increased her food intake dramatically, dining-out several times a week and eating 'fast food'. She estimated she spent $1,000 on food that she would not normally have eaten. She was paid $50,000 for her role. ii) As a result of her weight gain Nicole had to buy new clothes at a cost of $2000. At the end of filming she wanted to loose weight and get back into shape so hired a dietician at a cost of $1,000 and a personal trainer ($2,500) and spent a week at a health clinic ($1,500). iii) Nicole was paid $2,000 by Woman's World for an interview in which she spoke about the new telemovie as well as her personal life. She donated the money to the Royal Children's Hospital. iv) The telemovie received critical acclaim and Nicole was offered a small role in a Hollywood movie. Under the contract she was to receive $AU20,000. She flew first class to the United States at a cost of $5,000; economy class would have been $2,000. After filming she spent a week visiting agents in Hollywood in the hope of securing more. roles. Nicole regarded the week as a 'working holiday' and she treated herself to 'five star' accommodation at a cost of $6,000. v) A well know gossip magazine Eye Spy published a story about Nicole that contained a number of untruths. Ordinarily she would not have bothered about such thing but with her career blossoming s he was concerned that her reputation might be tarnished and future roles lost. She spent $10,000 in legal fees, sued the magazine for libel and was successful in securing damages of $50,000. A short- break in = acting -followed and-at-- her- manager's suggestion Nicole paid $1,000 to a voice coach to improve her voice projection. vii) In the expectation that her career was to take off at last, Nicole shifted to a rented town house. She specifically selected a two bedroom unit so that one room could be set aside for exclusive use as a study/office. There she could read scripts, deal with correspondence and meditate. Her manager suggested she would be entitled to a tax deduction for an apportionment of the rent. Required:Advise Nicole of the taxation implications of the receipts and payments. Answers: Part A Income Tax implication arises to Allan and Betty in the Para 1, 2 and 3 is as follows: Taxable Situation arises in the given Para is as follows:Situation1 : Tax Liability in case of sale of Melbourne HouseIn the given situation Allan and Betty lives together in their home at Melbourne. They decided on tree change sold their Melbourne Home and purchased a large country house in Central Victoria on a 10 hectare block. Income Tax Act of Australia generally provides that any gain arising from sale of home is taxable as capital gain Tax. However, Australian government also provide certain type of exemption in which taxpayer is not required to pay capital gain tax on home in which he used to live. The exemption is called Main Residence Exemption. Since, gain arising from sale of home is not taxable therefore the taxpayer is also not allowed to claim tax deduction of expenses relating to buying and selling of home. The exemption is allowed if a) The house is used by the taxpayer as family home where he used to live with his family, b) The house is not more than in 2 hectare.c ) No portion of the house is rented nor used in running the business. (Government 2012)Assuming all the condition mentioned to claim Main residence exemption is fulfilled therefore, sale of house is not taxable as per Income Tax Act. Situation2: Income of Betty by working as a Part time AccountantSection 6-5 provide that any Income earned by the person as salary whether full time or part time will b taxable as ordinary Income. Therefore, Income earned by Betty as Part time Accountant will be taxable as ordinary Income. Situation3: Income Tax Implication of Allan:a) Fees received by doctor Allan as a doctor will be considered as fees received in business and the same will be taxable as business income after providing deduction of the expenses which will be incurred in the business for earning such fees.b) Section 21A of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 provide for taxability of non cash benefit received in the business. As per the said Act any non cash benefit will be first converted to monetary value by using the arms length price which will be sold in the market and from those value, the entertainment expenses which is not allowed to the taxpayer is deducted and the remaining will be taxable. So, in the given si tuation it is not possible to calculate the value of home made cakes and scones and also the same will also not be possible to sold in the market. Therefore, the same is not taxable. However, on occasion of receipt of wine for treating dog of wine maker, the same wine will be taxable because it is possible to convert it in money and the same will be easily sold as well. (Government n.d.)Part A (A.2)Situation 1: Surplus of Produce from gardening.In the given Para it is established that Allan and Betty love gardening and the wanted to establish a few hectare of grapes wine and begin growing vegetable. For this they also under gone a education course on organic farming and in the second year they have surplus of produce. Since, there is intension of the taxpayer to earn income therefore, income earned by Allan and Betty from sale of Surplus produce will be taxable as Business Income. Situation 2: Income Earned from Opening Stall at New town Market GrowersIncome is only taxable if there is intension to earn income as per Income Tax Act. In the given situation Mrs. Betty make marmalade and relish by using her mom recipes which he used to distribute to the neighbors. The recipes become popular and just as a hobby he started selling the same at New Town Market Growers only on second Sunday of every month and not regularly. Since this is just an hobby and not the complete business setup therefore the same is not taxable.Situation 3: Regularly Supply of recipes to three suppliers with sweet Potatoes and PumkinSince, Now they have started supplying recipes regularly to suppliers with sweet potatoes and pumpkins which is said to be business activity therefore the income derived after deducting eligible deduction will be taxable under Business Income. And now from onwards, they need to maintain records because initially the intension was not to earn profit but since now t hey are continuously supplying therefore records need to be maintained.Part A (A.3)Situation 1: Receipt of upfront Fees of $50No differentiation has been made for Income Tax purpose for transaction incurred in Barter System and Normal Cash Transaction. Therefore Upfront Fees of $50 received from the member for keeping the administrative records will be taxable.Situation 2: Receipt of Service FeesIf Allan and Betty Charge any Service fees from the member to enter transaction in barter system the same will also be chargeable for income tax purpose after allowing deduction for expenses required for keeping the necessary records or providing services to the members.Answer to Question BIncome Tax Implication of Participant in Barter System is as follows:a) Barter is a system in which goods and services are exchanged without the transaction being carried in money.b) The Transaction entered in the barter system are deductible and also assessable for the income Tax purpose as no difference is being made by the government for transaction entered in barter system or normal cash or credit transaction.c) The entity entraining in to the transaction is assessable to tax including GST if he is the member of trading organization.d) The Transaction in the barter system is valued at Arms length price which is nothing but the market price.e) Tax invoice is also required for all transaction entered into the barter system. The Tax Invoice must comply all the government rules.f) All records of the transaction entered into the barter system need to b kept by the Trading organization.g) ABN Number i.e. Australian business Number is required for the transaction that are entered in the barter system. (Office 2014) Part-BTax Implication of Nicole of the receipt and Payment is as follows:(1) Section 8-1 of the taxation Act of Australia provide that any expenses which has been incurred and is necessary to be incurred to earn income is always allowed as deduction. In the given situation Nicole has incurred expenses on her food intake dramatically, by eating fast food and taking it multiple times in a week to gain 10kgs weight which is necessary to barge a role in telemovie set in the 1950s for which she was paid $50,000. Since gaining of weight was essential for the role and to gain weight it is necessary to increase the diet. Therefore, Expense of $1,000 which was incurred on food is necessary to earn Income. Therefore deduction will be allowed. She needs to pay tax on $49,000. (Governmnt 2014)(2) Since Nicole is an actress and it is necessary for her to look charming therefore expenses incurred by her on purchase of new clothes and also cost incurred on hiring dietician took fit to get another r ole and expenses incurred on personal trainer and health clinic totaling to $7,000 will be allowed as deduction as all the expenses incurred is necessary to get another role for the actress.(3) Amount received by Nicole from interview by Womens word will be considered as ordinary income and will be taxable in the hands of Nicole amounting to $2,000 by virtue of section section 6-5 of taxation Act.Further, donation made to Royal Children Hospital is only allowed if the said hospital is an registered donee by the taxation department to claim exemption. Because Australian government provide deduction of donation above $2 dollar only to approved institution. (4) Amount received by Nicole of $ AUS 20,000 is taxable as ordinary Income. Further, expenses incurred by him in air ticket and accommodation totaling to $11,000 will be allowed as statutory deduction because all the expenses are incurred to earn income or in the expectation of earning income and as per the taxation department deduction of expenses incurred for earning income is allowed. Therefore, the said expenses is also allowed.(5) Damages received by Nicole amounting to $50,000 will be considered as capital receipt because as per Australian taxation rule any amount receipt for damages of moral is considered as capital receipt. Further, any expenses which has been incurred for securing income which is not taxable will not be allowed as deduction.But in the given case the expenses incurred by Nicole in filling legal suit amounting to $1,000 is considered to be necessary in order to earn more role and income because his carrier is in blossoming stage and with rumors it might be po ssible that he will not be able to get any role. Therefore, expenditure is considered necessary to earn income and deduction will be allowed under section 8-1.(6) Amount paid by Nicole to her voice coach will be allowed as deduction. Since she is an actresses and it is necessary for her to keep her voice sweet to earn more role and income. Therefore, deduction of $1000 paid to voice coach to improve voice projection will be allowed and the expenses are not treated as personal expenses.(7) Suggestion of manager is correct. Nicole is eligible for tax deduction for an apportionment of the rent. Australian Taxation as the clause in which rent paid by the individual will be apportioned in two parts one for personal and another for business. The apportioned may b done on the basis of the floor area. Since, Nicole is an actresses, therefore she needs one room for study and busnss purpose and deduction of such room will be allowed. Further, expenses on telephone, gas and another facility in such room related with business activity will also be allowed as deduction. Reference: Government, A 2012, ato.gov.au, https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Property/Your-home/Buying-and-selling-your-home/.Government, A, austlii.edu.au, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1936240/s21a.html.Governmnt, A 2014, law.ato.gov.au, https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR977/NAT/ATO/00001.Office, AT 2014, www.ato.gov.au, https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/GST/In-detail/Rules-for-specific-transactions/Barter-transactions/Bartering-and-barter-exchanges/.